Analysis Of The Movie Days Of Heaven By Terrence Malick

The film Days of Heaven (1978), directed by Terrence Malick, is a populist agrarian film that follows the lives of poor lovers who travel to the Panhandle, Texas to find work in 1916. Populist Agrarian films emerged throughout the 1930 s, a period during the Great Depression and Dust Bowl, which accompanied poverty, starvation, and homelessness in its wake. in my opinion, the Days of Heaven is a revisionist film that portrays a dystopian agrarian way of life.The urbanization of society is depicted negatively whereas rural, remote areas of wide and empty land are associated with paradise. However, the rural town of Texas Panhandle is consumed with darkness by the protagonist s selfish pursuit of money, property, and leisure. Days of Heaven is a critically acclaimed film, primarily due to its unsympathetic characters making it incredibly difficult for the audience to relate. Agrarian and Western film genres share a quality of the everyday man. In John Fords, The Grapes of Wrath (1940), Tom Joad fits that category to a tee; however, Bill, played by Richard Greer, is portrayed as a selfish, violent, and cowardly anti-hero. For example, Bill fled after accidentally killing his supervisor and fled again after stabbing the wealthy, prominent farmer. In the first act, the dialogue between Bill and his supervisor is interrupted by noise in the factory. However, the second offense takes place on land with no bystanders. It is quiet, yet there is no dialogue between Bill and theShow MoreRelatedThe Movies Badlands ( 1973 ) And Days Of Heaven1212 Words   |  5 PagesThe movies Badlands (1973) and Days of Heaven (1978) are both directed by the acclaimed movie maker Terrence Malick. Both of these films have been dee med culturally significant by the Library of Congress and have been inducted in 1993 and 2007 respectively. The basis of this paper is to take these two movies and shed some light behind their creator’s process. The justification for this analysis is to prove with examples that Terrence Malick is an example of an auteur. Through the use of mise en scene

The Treatment of Women in Bram Stokers Dracula Essay

The Treatment of Women in Bram Stokers Dracula In reading Bram Stokers Dracula, I find the treatment of the two main female characters-- Lucy Westenra and Mina Harker-- especially intriguing. These two women are two opposite archetypes created by a society of threatened men trying to protect themselves. Lucy is the Medusa archetype. She is physically attractive, and wins the heart of any man who comes near her (e.g. Arthur, Quincey, Jack, and Van Helsing). Her chief quality is sensual beauty, but her sexual desire is repressed and not allowed to communicate. And yet both the spiritual side and the sexual side are in her, and when the long repressed sexuality finds a vent, it explodes and takes over completely. In other†¦show more content†¦She must not be active or adventurous, and definitely cannot be the advancing party in sexual engagement. That would be taking away mens sexual advantage, and will not be tolerated. The party of men gathers in Lucys graveyard, then, feeling their masculine power being subdued by the feminine attraction, turn angrily in defense of themselves. On the other hand, Mina Harker is the Madonna archetype. Her chief quality is not her physical attraction, but her role as mother, sister, and wife. She is not a threat to the men because her social role is domestically defined. As a wife she loves her husband, and tries to be useful to him. She practices typewriting and shorthand, keeps diaries, arranges papers, and tends to Jonathan when he is sick. As a mother and sister, she gives her sympathy to Jack, Arthur, and Quincey, allowing them to express their emotions, and thus winning their affection: I suppose there is something in a womans nature that makes a man free to break down before her and express his feelings on the tender or emotional side without feeling it derogatory to his manhood; for when Lord Godalming found himself alone with me he sat down on the sofa and gave way utterly and openly. . . . I felt an infinite pity for him, and opened my arms unthinkingly. With a sob he laid his head on my shoulder, and cried like a wearied child, whilst he shook with emotion (268,Show MoreRelated Comparison of Dracula and Bram Stokers Dracula Essay1462 Words   |  6 PagesCompare/Contrast Dracula and Bram Stokers Dracula A noticeable difference in the way movies have changed over the years is evident when comparing and contrasting two films of different eras which belong to the same genre and contain the same subject matter. Two vampire movies, Dracula and Bram Stokers Dracula, present an interesting example of this type of study. Comparing the 1931 version of Dracula, starring Bela Lugosi, with Frances Ford Coppolas Bram Stokers Dracula 1993 version yieldsRead More Intertextual Exchange in Carmilla, Dracula and the Historian1639 Words   |  7 Pagesseldom duplicate their influential precursor(s); rather, they often work within a certain framework established by other writers or generic conventions, but vary aspects of it in significant ways† (Friedman 155). Sheridan Le Fanu’s, Carmilla, Bram Stoker’s, Dracula and Elizabeth Kostova’s, The Historian, clearly engage in this intertextual exchange, as evidenced by their use of narrative structure and striking character parallels. Published in 1872, Le Fanu relates the story of Carmilla from a firstRead MoreAnalysis Of Bram Stoker s Dracula 1997 Words   |  8 PagesBram Stoker’s Dracula was written in 1897. This was a time that the Victorian era and its values were changing and meeting their ends. The male-dominant world was evolving to an equal opportunity society. This meant women were no longer oppressed and limited socially, educationally, economically, or even sexually. The end of the Victorian era also called for growth in technology and medicines. Old ideas were diminishing while new ideas of the world were flourishing. Whether it be the pro femininityRead MoreDifferent Perception of Women: Dracula by Bram Stoker1850 Words   |  8 PagesIn the late 19th century, when Dracula by Bram Stoker is written, women were only perceived as conservative housewives, only tending to their family’s needs and being solely dependent of their husbands to provide for them. This novel portrays that comp letely in accordance to Mina Harker, but Lucy Westenra is the complete opposite. Lucy parades around in just her demeanor as a promiscuous and sexual person. While Mina only cares about learning new things in order to assist her soon-to-be husband JonathanRead MoreThe Feminist Movement Of Bram Stoker s Dracula1379 Words   |  6 PagesIn Victorian England, the feminist movement began to rise at an almost exponential rate. Women started to have their voices heard and even had many of their causes argued for by some men. Among these men was a lecturer by the name of Bram Stoker. Stoker spent years lecturing on and arguing for feminist causes at the Philosophical Society. That is until the â€Å"New Woman† came about. The New Woman was considered to be a new breed of woman, one that was almost inhuman or mutated, hence the name. TheyRead MoreHow Does a Marxist Reading of Dracula Open Up Meaning?2150 Words   |  9 PagesUnremarkable though it may seem, to affirm the obvious tr uism that Bram Stoker’s Dracula originates from a century that historians often describe as the most significant in terms of revolutionary ideology, whilst wishing to avoid the clichà ©d view held, it is undeniable that the more one delves into the depths of this novel the greater wealth of meaning demonstrates significant correlation with Marxist ideology. The 19th Century saw the emergence of revolutionary socialist Karl Marx, who himselfRead MoreUnseen Forces: Lesbian Relationships in Stokers Dracula and Coppolas Bram Stokers Dracula1800 Words   |  8 Pagesa blood-sucking Transylvanian man, upon diving deeper into Bram Stokers novel Dracula, one can find issues of female sexuality, homoeroticism, and gender roles. Many read Dracula as an entertaining story full of scary castles, seductive vampires, and mysterious forces, yet at the same time, they are being bombarded with descriptions of sex, images of rape, and homosexual relationships. In Francis Coppolas Bram Stoke rs Dracula, Stokers presentation of homoeroticism is taken, reworked, and presentedRead MoreHorror Movies Are All the same1163 Words   |  5 Pagesthese gruesome stories that we all truly fear. Before movies, people would purchase books of similar traumatic events to read in their spare time for amusement. It has been said by the Filmmakers IQs horror film lesson (2012), that writers such as Bram Stoker created graphic novels that would grab the audiences attention for years to come. But the horror movie, The House Of The Devil (1896), was noted as being the first ever horror movie. And as the years pasted, the industry grew and became strongerRead More Comparing Sexuality and Power in Dracula and Buffy the Vampire Slayer1657 Words   |  7 PagesComparing Sexuality and Power in Dracula and Buffy the Vampire Slayer    At first glance, Joss Whedons Buffy the Vampire Slayer, the hour-long TV series which premiered in 1997 and is now in its third season, bears little resemblance to the book which started the vampire craze -- Bram Stokers Dracula, published a century earlier. And yet, looks can be deceiving. Although the trendy -- and often skimpy -- clothing and bandied about pop-culture references of Buffy clearly mark the seriesRead MoreAn Analysis Of Bram Stoker s Dracula 1330 Words   |  6 Pages Bram Stoker in Dracula imagines a â€Å"proper women† by demonizing Lucy ascribing to her traits of a wanton woman; a whore of a demon. A misogynistic attitude is popular in a patriarchal society, especially in the middle of the nineteenth century. On the other hand, Stoker unconsciously ties Mina’s behavior to emulate a woman of propriety. She is the very bane of what a progressive woman looks like but not when looking at her through a gynocritics lens. To prepare the reader for the id eology of the

Development in Gas and Oil Retail Industries

Question: Discuss the results due to alterations in structure of the UK retail industry, technological changes in the UK petroleum retail sector and influence of rising oil prices? Answer: Introduction The following essay evaluates the recent trends and changes in the UK petroleum retail market. These oil entities are the world leaders in oil and gas sectors in the country. Tesco, BP and Shell are one of the prominent petroleum retail brands operating under the oil and gas sector in UK (Mitchell and Mitchell 2014.). The UK petroleum retail market is facing enormous changes due to rising oil prices, structural changes in its composition, and technological advancements. Compared to the last decade, demand of petroleum products have also risen which is a major determinant of the economic condition of UK. However, petroleum retail brands needs to consider the scarcity of petroleum resources and the impact of maximizing production policies. Additionally Mitchell and Mitchell (2014) have stated retail petroleum entities could re-consider its pricing policies that are leading to decrease in demand of its products. The rise in oil prices would have severe impacts on the economic condition of the country, which includes job cuts, rise in transportation costs and disproportionate share of investment and resources. Petroleum retail entities are facing several obstacles in its path, and its survival depends on adapting to changing circumstances in the oil and gas sector Discussion Changes in the ownership structure in the UK retail market. The ownership structures in UK retail sectors have undergone some changes in the UK retail sector (Betz 2015). As such, it can be classified in the following three ways. Hypermarkets This refers to fuel retailing, and selling oil major gas products under their own brand name. For example- Tesco is the market leader in hypermarket segment in the UK retail store, Oil and Gas companies - This is the more traditional form of selling an oil; and gas product, where oil and gas resources are leased from another brand. BP and Shell are the major traditional Oil and gas entities that have been meeting UKs demand for a long period of time. Dealers- This refers to an individual or an independent business group, which is not part of any retail entity and a company. In the recent times, the reliance on UK domestic production have reduced due to substantial oil and gas imports from other countries. Beside this, in the recent times there is some drastic changes in the UK petroleum retail market. Total S.A which has been UKs leading fuel retailers has sold a large portion of the ownership to Ronetec. These acquisitions have proven to be beneficial for Rontec, and current holds the market share in fuel retailing. According to Sueyoshi and Wang (2014), this acquisition reflects the efforts of retail entities to expand their operations to successful compete, and make negotiations with fuel suppliers and distributors. In addition, Rontec made a business partnership with Shell, which boasts of a substantial presence in the UK fuel retail market. Tan (2016) mentioned that Shellss acquisition reflects existing market opportunities in the oil and gas-retailing sector. Implications of recent changes in UK petroleum retail industry Following are the implications of recent changes in the UK oil and gas retail industry. 1. Fragmentation in supply chain in vertical integrated oil companies have increased the efficiency and have decreased the costs of supplying transport fuels to ultimate consumers. Ross (2012)stated that due to decrease in supply costs, the prices of goods have automatically lowered. Petroleum retail entities like Tesco and Shells business prospects have suffered considerably due to such market attributes,2. Spare capacity relating to the distribution system to clients, have been decreased which have resulted in the reduction of resilience and robustness of the system. Devold (2013) argued that this hast resulted in wastage of petroleum products in the country.3. Fuel suppliers used to undertake the responsibility of physically distributing products. Recently, road haulers have taken that responsibility, and have been a cause of much labor disputes. Thus, it becomes essential that required HR policies are made to tackle such issues in the workplace.4. D. Major oil companies do not op erate in the refining sector anymore, and as such are not accountable to distribute their products through their own retail network. Thus, this would assist them to structure their channels in a better way to adjust to the changing market demand in the UK. Ross (2012) mentioned that this has been a major change in the business structure of the petroleum industry. Due to this new business firms with lesser financial resources have been able t enter the market. According to Mohanty et al. (2013), the emergence and growth of hypermarkets related to oil and gas retailing, have established different successful business models in this sector. Traditionally, oil companies used to be the leading entities in the oil and gas retail sector, but have lost a large market share in the recent times. Tesco has emerged as the biggest retailer in the fuel segments, offering discounts in fuel prices to consumers. Besides this, few oil companies have started to diversify and are focusing on oil and gas production. Results due to alterations in structure of the UK retail industry The number of traditional oil and gas companies has decreased significantly in the last five years. As such, the numbers of motor fueling positions have also reduced, with a declining rate of 11%. (Mitchell 2012) mentioned that motor fuel volume sold has been the highest in South East England followed by North West England and East of England. There were substantial variations in different regions in UK in terms of the decrease in PFS. Percentage wise Yorkshire and Humber( 33%) showed the largest variation, then London (32%) and South West England (31%) (Kelsey et al. 2014). Technological changes in the energy retailing sector According to Hauser (2016), the Industry Technology Faclitatior (ITF) is a non-profit organization, which assists the oil and gas sector entities in implementing technology initiatives to the UK oil and gas retail sector. ITF would assist the brad to look for further opportunities to explore oil and gas resources in the UK. In addition, Research Councils expertise and investment can be used to assist the UK oil and gas retail sector in research and development. In the area of shale gas, the British Geological Survey (BGS) is establishing techniques to develop oil and gas resources in UK (Raimi and Newell 2014). Yusuf et al. (2013) mentioned that specifically decided by the board members of ITF to introduce innovations in the area of petroleum retail industry. The technology goals at UK gas and retail sector remains to align operational activities with advance technology mechanisms. The PILOT initiatives at oil and gas sector relate to building superior infrastructure and effective exploration technologies, to assist the firm in further expansion policies (Devold 2013). Following are the technological goals that can be adopted to improve the existing business value of oil and gas sector in UK. Addressing related issues- Petroleum retail entities has realized the need to identify specific issues that have been hampering the growth of such brands. Technology has helped them to deal with such issues relating to accessibility and exploration of oil and gas fields globally (Yusuf et al. 2013). Consulting industry experts- Petroleum retail bards regularly consult industry experts in meeting technological demands of the industry. As such, major retail entities in UK industry meet industry experts regularly to discuss issues relating to technology. Industry Technology Facilitator (ITF) is also used for availing information and technology services (Davies et al. 2014). Effective usage of stewardship data Generally, Oil and gas retail supply chain entities have diverse business operations. As such, it becomes essential to monitor each business unit, and report to the management in case of any discrepancy (Mizgier and Arnez 2014). Thus, efficient technology is used to maintain smoother business operations globally. National centre of technology The business sustainability of the oil and gas industry mainly depends on its innovation in technology. Thus, it is essential that a centre of technology and research has been established which caters to the technological needs. This would assist business enterprises implement latest technological mechanisms to achieve further business growth. Carbon storage - Carbon storage techniques have evolved in the modern age, due to the wastage of oil and gas resources in the country. Brands like Tesco and Shell is using the technique of carbon capture and storage to deal with greenhouse gas emissions. Hems et al. (2013) mentioned that this would guard against 75-90% of carbon dioxide generated from a power plant from entering the atmosphere. In the current times, CSS power projects have been a relevant part in the effort to reduce carbon emission. Last year, the first large scale power sector CSR project became operational in Canada (Newell and Raimi 2015). The development and implementation of new technology in an important tool to sustain business in the challenging business environment of UK retail sector of gas and oil. Recent upgradations in technology have assisted oil and gas retail entities in achieving growth. Tesco has implemented a 4.5 billion-ridge project that consists of latest oil recovery mechanisms to add to produ ction levels. Statoil made a 4bn technology investment in Mariner, which is a valuable resource of oil field .It is expected that such emphasis in using technology in business operations, would assist brands in meeting expectations of valued clients. Influence of rising oil prices The following are the implications due to rise in price of oil Cost of transportation Expenditure in transportation and food rises as result of increase in the prices of oil. In addition, the cost of shipping also increases which directly affects the oil and gas retail sector in UK. Cost of fossil fuels- Manufacturing of natural gases also rise with an increase in the price of oil. Expenditure in relation to gas drilling and transportation leads to rise in the price fossil fuels. Besides this, cost of chemical products like asphalt which uses oil in is composition is affected. An oil price rise accompanied by recession - When oil price rise, generally consumers reduce spending on other sectors and, concentrate on keeping enough budget for food and gasoline for transportation. As such, sectors like hospitality and tourism suffer due to such extreme consumer reaction. Thus, oil price affect the market conditions to a large extent, leading to inflation Business sustainability - The petroleum retail sector is adversely influenced by rise in the prices of oil. Such period is characterized by terminating workers from jobs to get the supply and demand balance back into the market (Sueyoshi and Wang 2014). As such, these factors contribute towards negatively affecting the business sustainability of the brand. Disproportionate share of investment and resources- Increasing oil prices bring about a disproportionate share of investment and resources in the oil sector As such, consistently achieving growth becomes a difficult process. As such, it acts as barrier in delivering business performance of the brand Job Cuts and reducing investments The exploration and production of shale deposits is an important source of job growths, As such effective drilling is required in the manufacturing if shells. As such, rise in oil prices might influence the prices of shells, leading to less demand in the prices of goods. Thus business sustainability of this sector would be seriously hampered in the case if rise in oil prices. Increase in Demand for road fuels The transport sector in UK is a major determinant of the demand of petroleum products. According to DeLeire (2014), the demand has risen from 61% in the last year to 72% in the current year. The road transport remains the biggest consumer of petroleum products in UK. Conclusion With the changing market scenario, petroleum retail entities are facing innumerable challenges in the UK oil and gas industry. However brands like Tesco and re investing heavily in advanced technology mechanisms to embark in expansion policies. Besides this, these brands have to consider environmental degradation, and implement their production policies accordingly. To address this petroleum, retail entities have can adopt carbon storage facilities, to emit less carbon dioxide in the production process. Furthermore, with the changing structure there would be more intensive market competition in the UK petroleum industry, The rise in oil prices would make market survival more difficult, due to increasing production costs. Reference Hauser, S., 2016. Stakeholder influence and the diffusion of eco-efficiency practices in the natural gas exploration and production industry.International Journal of Energy Sector Management,10(1). Hems, A., Soofi, A. and Perez, E., 2013. How innovative oil and gas companies are using big data to outmaneuver the competition.A Microsoft white paper, pp.1-12 Kelsey, T., Partridge, M. and White, N., 2014.Unconventional Gas and Oil Development in the United States: Economic Experience and Policy Issues(No. 62154). University Library of Munich, Germany. Mitchell, J.V. and Mitchell, B., 2014. Structural crisis in the oil and gas industry.Energy Policy,64, pp.36-42. Mizgier, K.J. and Arnez, P., 2014. Disruptions in tightly coupled supply chain networks: the case of the US offshore oil industry.Production Planning Control,25(6), pp.494-508. Newell, R.G. and Raimi, D., 2015.Shale public finance: Local government revenues and costs associated with oil and gas development(No. w21542). National Bureau of Economic Research. Wagner, S.M., Raimi, D. and Newell, R.G., 2014. Shale public finance: Local government revenues and costs associated with oil and gas development.Shale Public Finance: Local government revenues and costs associated with oil and gas development. Ross, M., 2012.The oil curse: how petroleum wealth shapes the development of nations. Princeton University Press Yusuf, Y.Y., Gunasekaran, A., Musa, A., El-Berishy, N.M., Abubakar, T. and Ambursa, H.M., 2013. The UK oil and gas supply chains: An empirical analysis of adoption of sustainable measures and performance outcomes.International Journal of Production Economics,146(2), pp.501-514.

Positive vs Normative Accounting Theory free essay sample

Unlike normative theory, positive theory is designed to explore current Notice  how  each paragraph  has  one main  topic  area,  new topic  areas  should mean  a  new paragraph. Provide in? text  references where  appropriate accounting practice not to prescribe or advise which methods should be used. Normative accounting theories dismiss conventional historic cost accounting as being meaningless or not decision useful and prescribe the use of more ‘useful’ systems of accounting mostly based on inflation adjustments. One of the issues which became the focus of some normative theorists is how to derive the ‘true income’ (profit). Positive accounting theory had its origins in the late 1950’s and arose out of the dissatisfaction with normative theories. For example there are many conflicting objectives of normative theory including economic efficiency, decision usefulness, predicting future share price, improved quality of Page  1  of  3 Notice  how  the  last sentence  of  each paragraph  should lead  into  the  next paragraph  assisting with  the  flow  of  the essay financial reports. We will write a custom essay sample on Positive vs Normative Accounting Theory or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Deciding the importance of these objectives is problematic and in fact the definition of the objective of accounting has always been defined in very broad terms. Normative prescriptions are difficult to empirically test unlike positive theories that observe real world practice and positive hypotheses are falsifiable. Positivists attempt to model the connection between financial accounting, firms and markets in a rational economic framework, rather than to take the stance of normative theorists who dismissed current practice and took a prescriptive attitude. The underlying assumption of positive accounting theory is that individuals are considered to be self-interested wealth maximisers and will act opportunistically to increase their wealth. This assumption is limited in that the notions of loyalty or morality are not considered. Positive accounting theory has its roots in agency theory and theories of the efficient market hypothesis (EMH). The primary objective of positive accounting theory is to focus on the relationships between various individuals and how accounting is used to assist in the functioning of these relationships. In particular, the fulfilment of the stewardship function and the agency relationships between owners and managers, managers and the firm’s debt providers. This contrasts with the objective of normative accounting which focuses on the notion of decision usefulness. The separation of ownership and control of firms gives rise to agency relationships. An agency relationship is defined by Jensen and Meckling (1976) as a contract under which one or more (principals) engage another person (the agent) to perform some service on their behalf which involves delegating some decision-making authority to the agent. In addition, it relies upon traditional economic literature which includes assumptions of self- interest and wealth maximisation. Due to the separation of ownership and control, agency costs (monitoring, bonding) arise in an attempt to minimise opportunistic behaviour in financial management. Page  2  of  3 Arrange  the  essay  in such  a  way  as  that each  paragraph  flows  . Create  the  scene  in the  first  few paragraphs  and provide  definitions  if appropriate  and  then tell  the  story. Best  to discuss  Ã‚  the  most important  items  first. There  are  many  items you  can  discuss,  pick the  ones  you  think most  important  and arrange  accordingly. Make  sure  you  stick  to the  word  limit. Agency theory elaborates three primary hypotheses, the bonus plan hypothesis, the debt covenant hypotheses and political cost hypothesis. For example under the bonus plan hypotheses managers may act opportunistically to increase profits if rewards are attached to profits. Under the debt covenant hypothesis if managers are nearing a breach of debt covenants they may undertake measures to avoid a breach such as revaluing assets. Under the political cost hypotheses managers may undertake measures to reduce reported profits to make the firm less politically visible and less likely to attract government attention or taxes. PAT under the EMH helps predict the reactions of shareholders to the actions of managers and to reported accounting information. For example Ball and Brown found that earnings announcements had information content and impacted share price and provided evidence that historical cost information is useful to the market. However, while supportive of the efficient markets hypothesis, the literature was unable to explain why particular accounting methods may have been selected. According to Fama (1970), the development of the efficient markets hypothesis is based on the assumption that capital markets react in an efficient and unbiased manner to publicly available information. The capital market is considered to be highly competitive and as it results the public information is expected to be quickly impounded into share prices. In conclusion this essay has provided an overview of PAT including the assumptions and objectives and contrasted the theory with some of the dissatisfaction with normative accounting theory. PAT postulates that in order to prescribe an appropriate accounting policy, it is necessary to know how the world actually operates. We can then normatively prescribe accounting practice. Therefore the two theories can be complimentary in ensuring appropriate accounting practice under prevailing diverse economic circumstances. Number of words = 885 Page  3  of  3 Conclusion  should provide  a  brief summary  of  the  essay and  then  make  a  final statement  on  the position  of  the  essay  or perhaps  an  opinion  of usefulness  or  whether you  agree  or  disagree to  a  statement.

The Nitty-Gritty About Reduplication

The Nitty-Gritty About Reduplication The Nitty-Gritty About Reduplication The Nitty-Gritty About Reduplication By Mark Nichol Reduplication, a type of vocabulary variation that allows writers and speakers of English to indulge in the rich potential for wordplay the language so often provides, refers to any of three types of repetitive extension of sounds. (Many other languages also feature reduplication, but this post focuses exclusively on the English tongue.) Rhyming Reduplication When we talk about doing the hokey-pokey, or refer to a razzle-dazzle spectacle or a namby-pamby attitude, we’re employing rhyming reduplication, which usually serves to emphasize with a playful near duplication of a meaningful word (fuzzy-wuzzy, itsy-bitsy), though sometimes both words have meaning and the rhyming is a fringe benefit that makes the term catchier (â€Å"chick flick†). Many reduplicatives are pairings of nonsense words (fuddy-duddy, hanky-panky), and their origin is obscure, but others with seemingly meaningless elements have at least a likely etymology: Hurly-burly may stem from the kinetic term hurl, and willy-nilly goes back several centuries to any one of several possible expressions such as â€Å"Will he, nill he† (â€Å"Whether he will or he won’t†). Exact Reduplication A similar type of construction stems from efforts by adults to help children learn by repetition hence baby talk like bye-bye and choo-choo. But some exact reduplication is used disparagingly in grown-up contexts: Two popular exact reduplicatives, blah-blah and â€Å"yada yada† (spelled and repeated variously and perhaps stemming from the earlier British English slang term yatter-yatter) mock dull or meaningless speech. Ablaut Reduplication A third form, named for the word for change of vowel sounds, is exemplified by the terms chitchat and dillydally, each of which has, unlike most rhyming reduplicatives, the substantial word in the second position rather than the first. Others, like crisscross and zigzag, more transparently demonstrate that most ablaut reduplications refer to action, especially reciprocated movements or behaviors. Note that in these examples, and in most other ablaut reduplicatives, the first vowel is always an i, produced by making a close, or high sound (meaning it is achieved by high placement of the tongue) and that the second vowel is always low. Other Reduplicative Forms New reduplicative vocabulary is slow to emerge. Exceptions include occasional slang terms (â€Å"boob tube,† hip-hop) or ad hoc coinages constructed like fancy-schmancy. (The latter type actually has a name: shm-reduplication.) Speaking of fancy-schmancy, there’s also a formal name (contrastive focus reduplication) for exact reduplication employed to clarify the relationship between a variation of an archetypal meaning and the archetypal usage itself, as in â€Å"When you say ‘Dude, that’s bad,’ do you mean good-bad, or bad-bad?† Uses of Reduplication Reduplicatives are handy little items for injecting a note of whimsy or a sharp edge into fiction or nonfiction alike. They can convey humorous or sarcastic understatement (â€Å"It’s just another case of high-finance hocus-pocus,† â€Å"The wish-washy White House flip-flops again†) or serve to mock or belittle a target (â€Å"The socialite’s hoity-toity hubris just as she tripped was literally pride coming before a fall,† â€Å"Her eency-weency voice showcased her itsy-bitsy talent†). They’re also useful, however, for positive or neutral language (â€Å"The pitter-patter of little feet on the hardwood floor presaged the appearance of my preschooler,† â€Å"My explosive sneeze caused the birds to erupt from the bushes and flee helter-skelter†). But don’t use a hodgepodge or a mishmash of reduplicatives pell-mell: Make sure you know their senses and connotations, and verify whether they’re open, hyphenated, or closed compounds. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Passed vs PastWhat's a Male Mistress?50 Musical Terms Used in Nonmusical Senses

Affirmative action Reverse discrimination essays

Affirmative action Reverse discrimination essays Affirmative Action = Reverse Discrimination We are all aware that discrimination took place over 50 years ago. What some might not be aware of is that because of the actions of our ancestors, we, white males, are held responsible and are penalized because of these actions. Affirmative action is a way to help minorities in sex and race to get accepted into colleges or get hired for jobs while the white males suffer from what took place over 50 years ago. Affirmative action is reverse discrimination. It is unconstitutional, and America has come a long way since 1964. Since affirmative action started taking place, white males are indirectly being penalized in the educational and job fields today. Affirmative action is just reverse discrimination against whites and males because people like to try to get a diverse look to their business or university. By admitting a person to a university with the same scores because the schools population of that specific race is not that high than we are just traveling down the same path we were at 50 years ago with discrimination. Using race as a plus factor in admittance to a university can also raise other race problems. As Ann Coulter said, For the first time I am looking at her as a black women and myself as a white women. Using race, as a plus factor will just stir up more discrimination indirectly because people would know the minority was probably accepted because of their race, rather than merit. Affirmative action to help minorities earn jobs or acceptance to college will only help the middle to upper class people. That is the way affirmative action works right now. As Christopher Edrey said, Race is different than any other plus factors because race is not something that any of us can control as well as the discrimination that went on years ago. Although affirmative action is used to help out minorities and sexes with admittance to univers...

Why has the labor movement so declined is strength in the US Essay

Why has the labor movement so declined is strength in the US - Essay Example The decline was particularly steep in 2008 which led many to hypothesize that perhaps the decline in the labor movement was due to the financial crisis that begun in 2008. Others interpret the decline as an interplay of many factors which includes the market integration wrought by globalization and the shift of industry from the traditional manufacturing to service and the changing employee – employer relationships. The determination of the cause of the decline of the labor movement is important because this will lead us in understanding whether organized labor is still relevant today. Considering the number of jobs that were lost and the economic displacements that were prevalent during the financial crisis that still continues today, one cannot help but wonder what the labor movement did to prevent or at least mitigate such loss (New York Times). It is important to ask because the seemingly relentless loss of jobs made organized labor appear helpless in keeping one’s job and thus triggered its decline in strength and numbers in the US because it is perceived to be ineffective. Having these phenomena, one cannot help to connect the union’s seemingly ineffectual role during the crisis that caused its decline because in 2007, union membership registered a significant increase. However, this increase was short lived because in 2008, the precipitous decline of union membership begun. This observation is valid because if unions were perceived ineffectual during the crisis, this will undermine their credibility to bargain, protect and advance worker’s interest and in a way, can be taken as losing their relevance that eventually led to the continued decline of labor movement in the US (Zaid). The argument that the union’s seemingly inefficacy in abating job loss during the financial crisis may be correct to some extent but to solely and conclusively attribute the decline of labor movement to the 2008 financial crisis is rather overs implification. True it did contribute to the decline of union density because jobs became fewer after the crisis in the first place and it follows that the number of organized labor will also shrink. But the financial crisis was only a contributing factor because with or without the financial crisis, the decline in labor movement will still continue. The root of the problem of labor decline cannot be traced solely to the financial crisis but rather was caused by the interplay of structure issues that undermined the very foundation of unionization and organized labor. With the advent of globalization, the landscape of labor market changed dramatically. Greater market integration intensified the competition and this warranted a new degree of efficiency which resulted in various and new work arrangements. First, there was already the phenomenon of flight capital with many of our industries, plants and warehouses relocating in China and elsewhere in the world to take advantage of their cheap labor cost (____). The jobs that were left in the US were still subjected to intensified competition and thus came the new natures of employment which are transitory and casual in nature. Job security became a thing of the past where employability became the norm in cognizance of the reality that one could lose his or her job any moment. Industry also shifted from the traditional unionized manufacturing to service because manufacturing are increasingly outsourced abroad in an effort to save on cost (Aljazeera). This also resulted in the decline of the strength of labor movement because the service sector is not known to be heavily organized. The structural shift of the economy and the phenomena of globalization may be criticized as

EDX1170 - Foundations of Language and Literacies Essay

EDX1170 - Foundations of Language and Literacies - Essay Example The comparative analysis will focus on two transcripts one designed in a school and a classroom setting and the other transcript is designed to suit home setting. From these transcript a discussion on how the scaffold cycle is applicable in various environmental settings. The conversation and interactions in the essay will be the focus of the discussion. The first transcript involves a dialogue between a Sarah and her mother and later owns her aunt joins the conversation. The eggs are used to test Sarah’s cognitive skills. Sequences of question suggest the nature in which children acquire this skill (O’Neill, 2009). The child has the ability to identify their surrounding and apply their literacy capability to differentiate what he knows from new elements. The foreign elements are essential in designing pedagogy. Cognitive skills are all about knowing the soundings and children relates to these new elements to prior knowledge acquired in different settings (Byrnes & Wasik, 2009). Sarah understanding and interpretation of the questions asked by the mother shows her ability to connect school concepts to the different questions asked by her mother. The child needs to study the environment and be able to recognize the new elements being introduced. The ability to recognize the language being used in different settings assis ts the child to recognize the new elements. The child is able to respond effectively to her mother and is able to counter any complex scenario introduced by her mother. The concept also is illustrated in transcript two where the students effectively respond to questions that indirectly relate to the book understudy. The general concepts of the student’s relate directly to their cognitive skills. They use the text to draw lifetime experiences. The first transcript reflects the on the ability of Sarah to relate the surrounding to the text. Sarah’s dialogue

Advantages and Disadvantages - Studying Abroad Essay Example for Free

Advantages and Disadvantages Studying Abroad Essay Nowadays, there are many people continuing their studies outside their country. They think that educations in other countries are better than in their own country. Studying abroad offer so many life-changing and enduring academic, career, and social benefits, therefore students consider studying abroad. Studying abroad lets you experience things you have never faced them before. It gives you the opportunity to communicate with different people who have different religions and speak different languages. This will improve your social skills. In addition, when you graduate from a university in a foreign country, It will make you more prestigious. In work life and in your personal life, It will bring more respect for you. To them, you are a person who experiences a different world with different inhabitants. . Exploring cultures and civilisations, which may happen when studying abroad. Few other experiences in life have proven such a positive and sustainable impact on the youth . Overseas education offers many good foreign universities to international students. These universities often have advanced teaching facilities and other resources. In addition, teachers also have higher professional standards On the other hand, when the youth leaves his hometown and migrate to another country to continue study, some obstacles may show up. he must be away from the family and intimate friends for a while. No doubt, the relationship will fade away if he dont try to keep in touch with them. Moreover, the person is exposed to an environment where everybody else acts and behaves different from what the student has learned before. So far the costs of living and studying are most likely higher then your income in the country and you barely find an appropriate job with a high salary at first.

The Debate Over Minimum Wage :: Economics Argumentative Persuasive Essays

The Debate Over Minimum Wage Introduction: The Clinton Administration served notice in 1993 that it intended to seek an increase in the federal minimum wage. Liberal politicians applauded the new president, agreeing that an increase was overdue and deserved. However, their conservative counterparts lamented the policy proposal, fearful that a minimum wage hike would further unsettle the economic recovery that was underway at the time. Both liberals and conservatives began to marshal their statistical forces to support the long held claims concerning the positive and negative consequences of a minimum wage increase. Since then, political rhetoric has often ruled the minimum wage debate. (Mckenzie, 10, 1994) Minimum wage is a contentious issue because it is debated in a wide and eclectic audience. Minimum wage is at the heart of the economist's interest; he is in pursuit of finding its connection to job loss. Countries all over the world, including all members of the OECC, maintain minimum wage laws. For this reason, it is of obvious importance to policy makers. Because those that tend to earn a minimum wage are disproportionately from low income and minority families, the minimum wage has attracted attention from social activists as well. The topic is perhaps most interesting to the average American. At some point in our lives, almost everyone has been paid the minimum wage. Due to this fact, it is of popular debate over dinner, at restaurants, and in the typical American living room. The people of the United States should support raising the federal minimum wage because empirical evidence proves that it does not lead to job loss. Americans know a raise in the minimum wage is one way to help make work pay. For many working Americans an increase in the minimum wage will make the difference between living in poverty and not. Furthermore, a higher minimum wage, a floor to ensure workers that they're getting a fair deal for their efforts, provides a foothold into the middle class for many other families who would otherwise not earn a middle class living. America of the 1990's is a country of increasing disparity, where the wealthy are moving ahead while the working class is falling behind. In this economic phenomenon, the middle class is disappearing. One of our major defenses to ensure those in the working class receives a fair wage, is legislation providing for one. While many opponents of minimum wage cite labor supply and demand concerns with a legislated wage, we must look at the facts instead of the mere theory.

An student

There is a thin line separating those who deserve an â€Å"A† and those who consistently receive â€Å"Ass†. As one progresses through the schooling system, different ideas are acquired about what the different letter grades mean and how to achieve them. The universal idea of an â€Å"A† is constantly changing, as does the difficulty of achieving one. Depending on the school/instructor, how difficult it is to achieve a certain grade can vary.So much so that common phrases such as â€Å"An easy ‘A'† and â€Å"An ‘A' for effort† have emerged, while others insist that an â€Å"A† is closer to perfection Han it is to â€Å"a good effort†. Grades are supposed to be a numerical/letter representation of ones academic progress in a course or lesson. But more often than not, good grades become a goal and not a reward; thus students are striving for grades and not the knowledge which they represent. In his article â€Å"Making the G rade†, Kurt Westfield points out that students are often undeserving granted good grades.This allows the same students to graduate with a degree and find a Job, without the actual knowledge needed to strive in their field. Similarly, he then goes on to note that these under-qualified students that are now in the workplace aren't ready for the tasks at hand. Universities are sending students into their careers with the same mindset they had throughout grapeshot, find the quick and easy way to get the Job done. Consequently, Jobs and projects could be done incorrectly or left incomplete. The difference is, though, that when these real world Jobs are incomplete or incorrect, they can create real world problems and difficulties.The grading system was made with the intention that it would accurately reflect a dents performance in a class. It's commonly believed that if a student understands a subject well, they deserve an â€Å"A†. But for a student to actually deserve that grade, they must also complete the entire workload, whether they know they information or not. The grade in the class is determined by the amount of work the student completes correctly, and this is where the controversy starts. Some argue that if a student demonstrates that he/she understands the given subject, he/she should be given a passing grade (whether their work was completed or not).Others argue that if a student truly works their hardest and gives a strong effort in the class, they deserve a passing grade (whether their work was correct or not). At the end of the day though, if searching for a simple â€Å"A† grade in a class, one must be willing to work and study for that class, and complete each assignment with accuracy (easier said than done, of course! ). The source of the problem resides in the earliest years of the school system. Starting from a young age, students are being taught and prepared for the next school year instead of for life.Elementary school stu dents are being prepared for adolescent, meddlesomeness are being prepared for householders, householders for college, etc. Each year of schooling teaches you Just enough to get through the next year. The problem is, though, that by the time the student reaches college he/ she is not ready for life as an adult, only for more school. Meaning that students are going into college with the idea that they need to pass, and not the idea that they need to be preparing for their future. Students aren't realizing that what they are learning is essential for their Job until it's too late and they are unable to perform.

Std Pubic Lice

[pic] SHEPHERD CENTER 2020 PEACHTREE ROAD, N. W. ATLANTA, GA 30309 Resources & Grants dedicated to Spinal Cord Injury Survivors The Bryon Riesch Foundation The Bryon Riesch Paralysis Foundation's goal is to find a cure for paralysis through funding the latest in medical research and to provide assistance to those that suffer from neurological disorders. www. brpf. org P. O. Box 1388 Waukesha, WI   53187-1388 Phone:   (262) 547-2083 [email  protected] org Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation 636 Morris Turnpike Suite 3A Short Hills, NJ   07078 [email  protected] org www. christopherreeve. org Tel: 973-379-2690 800-225 Clearinghouse on Disability Information Special Education & Rehabilitative Services Communications & Customer Service Team 550 12th Street, SW, Rm. 5133 Washington, DC    20202-2550 http://www. ed. gov/about/offices/list/osers Tel: 202-245-7307 202-205-5637 (TTD) Fax: 292024507636 The Dream Society The Dream Society was created to assist people with moderate to severe physical challenges such as paraplegia, and quadriplegia. We will consider all cases on a case by case basis to make any final decisions. www. thedreamsociety. org 2659 E. Gulf to Lake Hwy. PMB #108 Inverness, FL 34453 Phone (352) 400-4967 [email  protected] org FODAC: Friends of Disabled Adults & Children & Ramps for Champs FODAC provides over $8 million each year in equipment and services to the community at little or no cost to the recipients. FODAC's Ramps for Champs programs builds home ramps and makes other modifications. FODAC currently has special funding for certain recipients based on location and income. (Atlanta area only) 866-977-1204 www. fodac. org Georgia Brain and Spinal Injury Commission Georgians with traumatic brain and spinal injuries deserve lives of independence and inclusion, lives rich with vision and possibilities. Trust Fund awards assist individuals with injuries in reaching these goals. 888-233-5760 [email  protected] state. ga. us www. ciclt. net G. O. A. L. S: Go Out and Live Successfully The primary focus of G. O. A. L. S. , Inc. is to help individuals with spinal cord injuriesun4earth : achieve greater mobility and independence, better access their environment, and continue an active, productive life. www. goalsinc. net Go Out and Live Successfully, Inc. PO Box 7106 Albany, New York 12224 (561) 212-6499 Joni &Friends International Disability Center Joni and Friends is a Christian organization for people who are affected by disability, whether it is the disabled person, a family member, or friend. Our objective is to meet the physical, emotional, and spiritual needs of this group of people in practical ways. 818-707-5664 www. joniandfriends. org The Kevin Kitchnefsky Foundation  for Spinal Cord Research If you or a loved one has suffered a spinal cord injury and need financial assistance, you should know that 30% of the money we raise is passed on to deserving individuals and organizations. You, or someone you know, could be eligible for a K Grant. www. helpkevinwalk. rg [email  protected] net 109 German Hill Road Tunkhannock, PA 18657 Phone (570) 836-1240 Fax (570) 836-4584 Miami Project to Cure Paralysis/ Buoniconti Fund P. O. Box 016960 R-48 Miami, FL    33101-6960 [email  protected] med. miami. edu www. themiamiproject. org Tel: 305-243-6001 800-STANDUP (782-6387) Fax: 305-243-6017 National Institute on Disability an d Rehabilitation Research (NIDRR) U. S. Department of Education Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services 400 Maryland Ave. , S. W. Washington, DC    20202-7100 www. ed. gov/about/offices/list/osers/nidrr Tel: 202-245-7460 202-245-7316 (TTY) National Rehabilitation Information Center (NARIC) 4200 Forbes Boulevard Suite 202 Lanham, MD    20706-4829 [email  protected] com www. naric. com Tel: 301-459-5900/301-459-5984 (TTY) 800-346-2742 Fax: 301-562-2401 National Spinal Cord Injury Association Founded in 1948, the National Spinal Cord Injury Association is the nation's oldest and largest civilian organization dedicated to improving the quality of life for hundreds of thousands of Americans living with the results of spinal cord injury and disease (SCI/D) and their families. www. spinalcord. org 800-962-9629 National Transplant Assistance Fund & Catastrophic Injury Program The mission of NTAF  is to help transplant and catastrophic injury patients afford critical but uninsured medically related expenses through fundraising guidance, patient support and resources, as well as financial assistance. www. catastrophicfund. org 150 Radnor Chester Road Suite F-120 Radnor, PA 19087 800-642-8399 Paralyzed Veterans of America (PVA) 801 18th Street, NW Washington, DC    20006-3517 [email  protected] org http://www. pva. org Tel: 202-USA-1300 (872-1300) 800-424-8200 Fax: 202-785-4452 Spinal Cord Society 19051 County Highway 1 Fergus Falls, MN    56537 http://members. aol. com/scsweb Tel: 218-739-5252 or 218-739-5261 Fax: 218-739-5262 The Travis Roy Foundation The Travis Roy Foundation Established in 1997 to help spinal cord injury survivors and to fund research into a cure. www. travisroyfoundation. org Brenda Taylor Travis Roy Foundation 60 State Street, 8th Floor Boston, MA 02109 (617) 619-8257 (617) 227-0781 WYNGS Foundation Project Support for Spinal Cord Injury WYNGS is dedicated to addressing the immediate needs of people with spinal cord injury, providing emotional support, information and resources to ease financial burdens. 7900 Nelson Road Panorama City, CA  Ã‚   91402 Phone: (818) 267-3031 Fax (818) 267-3095 [email  protected] com www. wyngs. org

Todays Male essays

Todays Male essays For the most part, societies (a group of people which have common traditions, interests and institutions) have a large impact on the development of gender. Children grow up to learn from their parents, their neighbor, the baker down the road and it is this understanding of the world which constructs their lives. There is "socialization in general (the learning that neophytes do in order to become functioning members of society), and [there is] gender socialization in particular (the processes through which people learn to be feminine and masculine)" (Mackie, 1987:74). This research paper will deal with men in three fundamental areas of their lives: work, intimate relationships and family. To do this, the paper will only deal with men who have gone through "socialization in general" and who are in the changing process of "gender socialization". An infant or child has a crucial need for "experience with other human beings for its survival as a physical being and its development as a social being" (Mackie, 1987:77). In most societies, for the large part, males have grown up learning or expected to be a dominant figure, one with the power and independence (Doyle, 1989:108). In today's "modern" society, males are not only affected by family, friends or neighbors; they are now heavily influenced by other mediums, such as, TV, music, movies, sports, books (fairy tales), and magazines. These are but a few influences which help shape the modern male. Work occupies on average 40 hours a week, it therefore plays a considerably large role in peoples' lives. The Feminist movement showed, along with other issues, that it was the environment and structure of the workplace, which affected society a great deal. The Feminist movement highlighted the harsh reality of gender inequality in our society. Consequently, there seems to be an overwhelming consensus that males dominate, and have always dominated in the workplace. The reason for this unbal...

Meningitis essays

Meningitis essays Meningitis Outbreaks Among College Students Imagine waking up one morning with flu-like symptoms, only to find out that you have contracted a potentially fatal disease from someone in a class or in your dorm. Meningococcal meningitis is a rare but serious infection that occasionally infects college students and others living in relatively isolated, confined communities such as dormitories, thus making college students at a greater risk for contracting the potentially fatal disease. Meningitis is an inflammation of the linings of the brain and spinal chord caused by either viruses or bacteria. Viral infections are more common than bacterial infections, usually occurs in late spring and summer. Viral outbreaks are often accompanied by stiff neck, nausea, headache, vomiting, and rash. Cases of viral meningitis run a short uneventful course. On the other hand, bacterial infections are very rare and occur sporadically throughout the year, especially in late winter and early spring. Bacterial meningitis in college students is most likely caused by a rare strand of the bacteria known as meningococcal meningitis. This potentially lethal infection is accompanied by fever, headache, vomiting, rash, and changes in mental state. The time of progression related to meningococcal meningitis causes grave illness and rapidly progresses to death if Outbreaks of meningitis occur in relatively isolated, confined as small communities and institutional settings and have recently become popular on college campuses. According to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the incidence of meningococcal meningitis outbreaks has risen sharply in recent years, with a total of 33 outbreaks on college campuses This is quite possibly due to the close living environments that students are accustomed to. Since 10% of the general population carry men ...

Theology Mission Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theology Mission - Term Paper Example Its meaning can be derived from the Greek words Theos, which means God, and Logos, which means the study of a certain subject. As a result, many theologians have used many forms of analysis and also historical, philosophical, spiritual and ethnographic arguments in attempts to understand and explain any topic on religion. It helps the theologians to better understand his or her religious tradition, as well as other people’s religions; make a comparison between two or more religious traditions; defend, or even try to justify a religious tradition among others. Theology then can be used by theologians to understand the religion and, hence, this leads to our second definition of religion. Religion according to Harper means a collection of beliefs, cultural systems and the worldviews to establish symbols in relation to humanity and spirituality. It is by these symbols that man tries to give meaning to life or even try to explain the origins of life and the universe. So, religious tendency to understand human life can be attributed to faith or belief1. In the development of religion, it can be seen to have taken different cultures whereby some religion has placed an emphasis on belief while others have placed their emphasis on practice. Religion has also been associated with public institutions like it can be seen in hospitals, schools, governments, political hierarchies and families among others. So, religion in this case can be mitigate problems of human life2 Relevant Old Testament and New Testament related to missions The whole concept of mission is related to the mission of God. This began with God’s creation. God created man â€Å"†¦ be fruitful and multiply to fill the earth†. In the New Testament, the gospel of the Acts of the Apostle one finds â€Å"We were to live as a church, the body of the Christ, as the salt of this world, as the light of this world (Jn 20:19-20). A variety of different Christian churches has an impact on the ideology of theology including how many churches on the planet do mission, and also how they try to articulate their theology of missions. This includes how the churches select and supports missionaries, who can be considered a missionary and what these missionaries do to teach3. The most important question here, which actually needs to be answered, is the definition of theology of missions, or what the mission of the church is. The mission can be defined as the body of the Christ, which is manifested in thousands upon thousands of local assemblies of the Disciples of Christ in varying cultures, languages, and traditions. This can be related to two thousand years ago when God started his missionary work and this began at the Garden of Eden. Also, Jesus spoke directly to his followers and then gave them a clear mission

Marketing Plan for Crystal Pepsi Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Plan for Crystal Pepsi - Term Paper Example PepsiCo was founded in 1965 following a merger between Pepsi-Cola and Frito-Lay. Its motto is ‘Something for everyone’. The company operates in over 200 countries across the globe and generates sizeable net sales annually. Crystal Pepsi was first introduced in 1992 but was withdrawn by the end of 1993 due to very low sales. However, it is possible to re-launch the product through intensive marketing activities and flavor changes.The company’s first priority is to build and manage its brand through the yet to be established Brand Charter. Above all, the company needs to increase its marketing endeavors to be able to compete effectively with the giants in the industry. The company intends to generate over $1.78 billion in net sales before the end of 2015 from Crystal Pepsi by investing about $850 million in marketing endeavors within the next three years, ending 2015.The mother of PepsiCo was Pepsi Cola Company, which was founded in 1898 in North Carolina. In 1965, PepsiCo was formed following a merger between Pepsi-Cola and Frito-Lay. PepsiCo motto is ‘Something for everyone’, a statement that perpetuates consumer inclusion. The company produces assorted beverages and snacks, which are sold in over 200 countries across the globe. PepsiCo generated net sales of $66.5 billion and $57.8 billion in 2011 and 2010 respectively. 1.2 Past Crystal Pepsi.The introduction of Crystal Pepsi in 1992 was informed by health concerns, especially increasing levels of obesity. As a result, PepsiCo promised its customers and consumers that it will use healthy ingredients to produce products and provide health benefits in its products. Since its inception on 12th April 1992, Crystal Pepsi had been perceived as a fad because it failed to deliver its value propositions to its consumers (Susan 53). In addition, its name was controversial, especially when connected with the brand Pepsi known to many for its coke products, which are considered to contain caffeine and caramel. In fact, it tasted like coke though colorless thus confusing the consumers. As a result, its sales momentum faded in 1993 and it was thus discontinued. 1.3 Strategic Opportunity Most people are becoming health conscious, therefore, there is need to provide products that meet their needs. According to PepsiCo Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Ms. Nooyi, PepsiC o need to be refocused to accommodate emerging needs of health conscious consumers. In response to this need, the company continues to invest to grow its nutritional business from $10 billion to $30 billion in annualized sales by end of 2030. Again, PepsiCo needs to advertise more. Unlike, Coca- Cola Company whose products are featured regularly in most advertising, PepsiCo brands appear less in commercials. As a result, Coca cola and diet coke are brands that rank first and second before any Pepsi product because it spends more on advertising. If PepsiCo positions itself properly, it will gain from 14.5% growth expected to be experienced in the industry by the end of 2016 to reach annualized sales of $222.7 billion (Market-Line 22-26). 1.4 Objectives 1. To sell over 407.6 million litres of Crystal Pepsi and generate about $400 million from North America, Canada, China and Middle East regions by 31st December 2013 2. To sell over 611.4 million litres of

Prison Gangs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Prison Gangs - Essay Example The violence might be the cause of this gender based bias. Men tend to be more violent in prison than women. The need to join a gang for protection becomes a necessity in a male prison due to the excessive violence. In the end, prison gangs are dictated by race, class, and gender. Gangs emerged on the street during the sixties and seventies. At first gangs were like formed like the Guardian Angels in New York City. Gangs developed out of the Civil Rights Movement ironically. Black Panthers and other minority groups formed gangs to patrol their neighborhoods against corrupt officers that would lynch and kill in the aftermath of the African American’s victory of the Civil Rights Movement. White bikers formed clubs (gangs) after returning from the Vietnam War, they wanted to get together drink and forget the war. When the drug trade was introduced in the late seventies and early eighties, gangs became the gun toting, drug dealing and violent criminals that are known today. Despite law enforcements gang unit and suppression measures, gangs are still a major problem across the United States. One problem of trying to suppress gangs is the availability of new recruits. One scholarly paper suggests: Another consequence of suppression efforts is that such efforts may promote substitution effects, whereby the removed gang member is simply replaced by another gang associate or recruit. Still yet, the use of suppression efforts may lead to an over-reliance on these measures and may mask other appropriate but less intensive alternatives to deal with gang members. (Trulson, Marquart, and Kawucha 2008) Gang units arrest gang members, normally resulting in long prison terms. The gang members taken off the street continue to live the gang lifestyle in prison. Thus law enforcement has to have strategies on the streets and behind prison walls. Race is the number one factor in male prison gangs. Gang membership is considered on a race basis. The Aryan

An Investigation Into the Differences Between Retail and Investment Banks Essay Example for Free

An Investigation Into the Differences Between Retail and Investment Banks Essay Over the past decades, retail banks have remained the main commercial bank for consumers, rather than corporations or other banks. The investment bank has become more popular amongst individuals, corporations and governments which are interested in raising their profits. Retail banks and investment banks have different organizational structures and activities. So they have many differences, such as services, customers and profits. And this report aims to distinguish between the retail bank and the investment bank in order to identify their specific service areas. Firstly, the author will review some literature focusing on the definitions. Secondly, the author will illustrate the differences between them from their target activities and functions. Retail banks offer a range of services to individual customers and small businesses, rather than to large companies and other banks. These include: savings and transactional accounts, mortgages, personal loans, debit cards and credit cards. An investment bank is a bank which specializes in providing funds to corporate borrowers for startup or expansion and does not accept deposits but provides services to those who offer securities to investors, and to those investors themselves. It may also assist and support companies which are involved in mergers and acquisitions, and provides ancillary services such as market making, trading of derivatives, fixed income instruments, foreign exchange, commodities, and equity securities. From the definitions above, it clearly shows that the two types of bank provide substantially different services to customers. As a normal customer, I think the retail banks are better than the investment banks. And there are three advantages of the retail banks. Firstly, the retail banks have more branches than the investment banks. For example, Lloyds TSB Bank is a retail bank in the United Kingdom, and according to Lloyds TSB website, the bank has nearly 1,900 branches across the UK. This means that you can find the branches of TSB almost everywhere. So you can deal with some normal business easily, the branches of retail banks can be found almost everywhere. For example, you want to make emergency loans, you do not have enough time to find an investment bank to make loans, so you must choose the retail banks. Moreover, the retail banks can supply some services which the investment banks do not provide. When you want to transfer from one account to another account, you can not go to the investment banks, because the investment banks do not offer this kind of service. Therefore, if you want to deal with some normal business (such as savings, mortgages and credit cards) at a bank, it would be better to choose the retail banks. The Royal Bank of Scotland is one of the retail banking is part of the Royal Bank of Scotland Group, and together with NatWest and Ulster Bank, provides branch banking facilities throughout the UK. And it can provide almost every service that the retail banks have. So it has a good reputation in Scotland. Finally, the risk of retail banks is relatively lower than the investment banks. You can get money from the rate of interest which can be higher than the other banks. Such as Barclays Corporate which belongs to the Barclays Group and provide these kinds of services (such as savings, transactional accounts, mortgages, debit cards, credit cards). It offers a service called monthly savings which is its regular savings plan that allows you to save regularly over 12 months, and you can get higher interest rates are paid where no withdrawals have been made in the previous month. This means that you can get high fixed interest of up to 3. 25% AER / 3. 20% in months when no withdrawals are made. And the revenue of the retail banks is stability and fixed. So you do not need to pay more attention to the asset in the retail banks. These advantages of the retail banks are the reasons why the retail banks are better as a normal customer. As an advanced person or a company, I think the investment banks are better. There are also many advantages of the investment banks which usually provide services for the company. First of all, most of the investment banks are global company and it can provide services more widely than the retail banks. Such as Morgan Stanley is a leading global financial services firm providing a wide range of investment banking, securities, investment management and wealth management It reports US$779 billion as assets under its management. Its headquarter located in Midtown Manhattan , New York City. It has companies in 37 countries with over 1,200 offices, employees dedicated to local businesses, government agencies, institutions and individuals. So the investment banks can provide the services (such as trading of derivatives, fixed income instruments, foreign exchange and commodities) all over the world. Secondly, the revenue of the investment banks significantly more than profit of other types of banks. If you save your extra money in the retail banks, you can only get the interest from the rates. But if you sand your money to the investment banks you can get remarkable returns although it has a high risk. For example the Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. is an American investment bank and securities. And it provides mergers and acquisitions advice, underwriting services, asset management, and prime brokerage to its clients, which include corporations, governments and individuals. Amazingly, the company in US profits reached a record $ 13. 39 billion in 2010, on average common shareholders equity rate of return is 22. 5%. At last, the investment banks also can provide some special services that the retail banks do not offer. For instance, it can supply a particularly serving called â€Å"financial advice† what can make financial of a company more reasonability and determine the future line of development. UBS AG is a diversified global financial services company, with its main headquarters in Basel and Zurich, Switzerland and UBS is present in all major financial centers worldwide. With Premier Advisory Services, UBS offers you the opportunity to schedule individual one-on-one consultations with CEFS experts who understand your equity-linked compensation as an integrative part of your total wealth management, know about the different plan vehicles and can support you on issues such as How can I best align my equity-linked compensation with my total wealth management or When should I exercise, which strategy is the best.

The Tropical Rainforests of the World :: Rainforests Environmental Nature Essays

The Tropical Rainforests of the World In this term paper, I will explain the great importance of the tropical Rainforests around the world and discuss the effects of the tragedy of rainforest destruction and the effect that it is having on the earth. I will talk about the efforts being made to help curb the rate of rainforest destruction and the peoples of the rainforest, and I will explore a new topic in the fight to save the rainforest, habitat fragmentation. Another topic being discussed is the many different types of rainforest species and their uniqueness from the rest of the world. First, I will discuss the many species of rare and exotic animals, Native to the Rainforest. Tropical Rainforests are home to many of the strangest looking and most beautiful, largest and smallest, most dangerous and least frightening, loudest and quietest animals on earth. There are many types of animals that make their homes in the rainforest some of them include: jaguars, toucans, parrots, gorillas, and tarantulas. There are so many fascinating animals in tropical rainforest that millions have not even identified yet. In fact, about half of the world’s species have not even been identified yet. But sadly, an average of 35 species of rainforest animals are becoming extinct every day. So many species of animals live in the rainforest than any other parts of the world because rainforests are believed to be the oldest ecosystem on earth. Some forests in southeast Asia have been around for at least 100 million years, ever since the dinosaurs have roamed the earth. During the ice ages, the last of which occurred about 10,000 years ago, the frozen areas of the North and South Poles spread over much of the earth, causing huge numbers of extinctions. But the giant freeze did not reach many tropical rainforests. Therefore, these plants and animals could continue to evolve, developing into the most diverse and complex ecosystems on earth. The nearly perfect conditions for life also help contribute to the great number of species. With temperatures constant at about 75-80 degrees Fahrenheit the whole year, the animals don’t have to worry about freezing during the cold winters or finding hot shade in the summers. They rarely have to search for water, as rain falls almost every day in tropical rainforests. Some rainforest species have populations that number in the millions. Other species consist of only a few dozen individuals. Living in limited areas, most of these species are found nowhere else on earth. For example, the maues marmoset, a species of monkey, wasn’t discovered until recently.

Fnce451 Midterm

Midterm Exam – October 17, 2012 SOLUTIONS Instructions: 1. Read the questions carefully. 2. Answer all questions on the following pages. 3. A financial calculator and a regular calculator are permitted. 4. A one-sided 8. 5† x 11† formula sheet is permitted with formulas only. 5. The midterm has 11 pages, including 2 blank pages. 6. For Part 2, show all your work. 7. Midterm duration: 75 minutes. 8. Mark allocation: Shown on exam. Print your name: _________________________________________ Sign your name: __________________________________________ Student Number: __________________________________________Good Luck!!! Part 1: Multiple Choice Part 2: Short Answer and Problems Question 1 Question 2 Question 3 Question 4 Total /20 /4 /5 /10 /16 /55 1 Part 1 [2 points each = 20 points]: Multiple Choice. Circle the BEST answer. 1. The Double Dip Co. is expecting its ice cream sales to decline due to the increased interest in healthy eating. Thus, the company has announced that it will be reducing its annual dividend by 5% a year for the next two years. After that, it will maintain a constant dividend of $1 a share. Two weeks ago, the company paid a dividend of $1. 0 per share. What is this stock worth if you require a 9% rate of return? A. $10. 86 B. $11. 11 C. $11. 64 D. $12. 98 E. $14. 23 2. The value of common stock today depends on: A. The expected future holding period and the discount rate. B. The expected future dividends and the capital gains. C. The expected future dividends, capital gains and the discount rate. D. The expected future holding period and capital gains. E. None of the above. 3. The tax shield on CCA is calculated by: A. The quantity (1-Tc) multiplied by CCA. B. Revenues less expenses less CCA. C.The quantity (Revenues-Expenses) multiplied by CCA. D. Revenues less expenses less taxes. E. None of the above. 4. If the project beta-IRR co-ordinates plot above the SML, the project should be: A. Accepted because it is overvalued. B. Accepted because it is undervalued. C. Rejected because it is overvalued. D. Rejected because it is undervalued. E. None of the above. 5. The opportunity set of portfolios is: A. All possible return combinations of those securities. B. All possible risk combinations of those securities. C. All possible risk-return combinations of those securities.D. The best or highest risk-return combination. E. The lowest risk-return combination. 2 6. The combination of the efficient set of portfolios with a riskless lending and borrowing rate results in: A. The capital market line which shows that all investors will only invest in the riskless asset. B. The capital market line which shows that all investors will invest in a combination of the riskless asset and the tangency portfolio. C. The security market line which shows that all investors will invest in the riskless asset only. D.The security market line which shows that all investors will invest in a combination of the riskless asset and th e tangency portfolio. E. None of the above. 7. Stock A has an expected return of 20%, and stock B has an expected return of 4%. However, the risk of stock A as measured by its variance is 3 times that of stock B. If the two stocks are combined equally in a portfolio, what would be the portfolio's expected return? A. 20. 0%. B. 4. 0%. . C. 12. 0%. D. Greater than 20%. E. Need more information to answer. 8. Two mutually exclusive investment opportunities require an initial investment of $8 million.Investment A then generates $1 million per year in perpetuity, while investment B pays $500,000 in the first year, with cash flows increasing by 5% per year thereafter. Determine the NPV for which an investor would regard both opportunities as being equivalent. A. ?$1 million B. $0 C. $1 million D. $2 million E. $8 million 9. When comparing two projects with different lives, why do you compute an annuity with an equivalent present value (PV) to the net present value (NPV)? A. So that you can see which project has the greatest net present value (NPV). B.So that the projects can be compared on their cost or value created per year. C. To reduce the danger that changes in the estimate of the discount rate will lead to choosing the project with a shorter time frame. D. To ensure that cash flows from the project with a longer life that occur after the project with the shorter life has ended are considered. E. To avoid complications arising from alternating cash inflows and outflows. 3 10. A firm is considering changing their credit terms. It is estimated that this change would result in sales increasing by $1,000,000.This in turn would cause inventory to increase by $150,000, accounts receivable to increase by $100,000, and accounts payable to increase by $75,000. What is the firm's expected change in net working capital? A. $1,175,000 B. $325,000 C. $250,000 D. $175,000 E. $150,000 4 Part 2 [35 points]: Short Answer and Problems. Please show all your work. Question 1 [4 poi nts]: When two stocks have a correlation of ? 1, is it always possible to construct a portfolio with 0 standard deviation? If so, what is the weight (denoted as ? ) that always ensures that the portfolio has 0 standard deviation? Answer: Yes. 1 point) We can show this by substituting correlation of ? 1 in the portfolio variance formula: ? p2 = ? 2? 12 + (1 ? ?)2? 22 + 2? (1 ? ?)? 1,2? 1? 2 which gives, ? p2 = ? 2? 12 + (1 ? ?)2? 22 + 2? (1 ? ?)(? 1)? 1? 2 = [ 1 ? (1 ? ?)? 2]2 (1 point for setting up the problem with the variance formula) We are interested in the standard deviation, which is the square root of the above variance. By choosing ? so that [ 1 ? (1 ? ?)? 2] = 0 we get ? = ? 2/(? 1 + ? 2) and thus we can always ensure the portfolio has 0 standard deviation. (2 points: 1 point for setting the standard deviation equal to zero to solve for ? and 1 point for final answer) 5 Question 2 [5 points]: Storico Co. just paid a dividend of $3. 50 per share. The company will increase i ts dividend by 20 percent next year and will then reduce its dividend growth rate by 5 percentage points per year until it reaches the industry average of 5 percent dividend growth, after which the company will keep a constant growth rate, forever. If the required return on Storico stock is 13 percent, what will a share of stock sell for today? Answer: Here we have a stock with differential growth, where the dividend growth changes every year for the first four years.We can find the price of the stock in Year 3 since the dividend growth rate is constant after the third dividend. The price of the stock in Year 3 will be the dividend in Year 4, divided by the required return minus the constant dividend growth rate. So, the price in Year 3 will be: P3 = $3. 50(1. 20)(1. 15)(1. 10)(1. 05) / (. 13 – . 05) = $69. 73 (2 points: 1 point for set up and 1 point for answer) The price of the stock today will be the PV of the first three dividends, plus the PV of the stock price in Year 3 , so: P0 = $3. 50(1. 20)/(1. 13) + $3. 50(1. 20)(1. 15)/1. 132 + $3. 50(1. 20)(1. 15)(1. 0)/1. 133 + $69. 73/1. 133 (2 points for set up) P0 = $59. 51 (1 point) 6 Question 3 [10 points]: The expected return of the S&P 500, which you can assume is the market portfolio, is 16% and has a standard deviation of 25% per year. The expected return of Microsoft is unknown, but it has a standard deviation of 20% per year and a covariance with the S&P 500 of 0. 10. The risk-free rate is 6 percent per year. a. [2 points] Compute Microsoft’s beta. Answer: ? Microsoft = Cov(RMicrosoft, RM) / var(RM) ? Microsoft = 0. 10 / (0. 25)2 = 1. 60 (2 points: 1 point for set up and 1 point for final answer) . [2 points] What is Microsoft’s expected return given the beta computed in part (a)? We know from the CAPM: E(R) = Rf + ? (E(RM) – Rf) Therefore, E(RMicrosoft) = 0. 06 + (1. 60)(0. 16? 0. 06) = 0. 220 or 22. 0% (2 points: 1 point for set up and 1 point for final answer) c. [2 points ] If Intel has half the expected return of Microsoft, then what is Intel’s beta? From the CAPM, we can solve for ? : E(R) = Rf + ? (E(RM) – Rf) 0. 11 = 0. 06 + ? Intel(0. 16 – 0. 06) ? Intel = 0. 50 (2 points: 1 point for set up and 1 point for final answer) 7 d. [2 points] What is the beta of the following portfolio? . 25 weight in Microsoft; 0. 10 weight in Intel; 0. 75 weight in the S&P 500; ? 0. 20 weight in GM (where ? GM = 0. 80); 0. 10 weight in the risk-free asset. Answer: The beta of the portfolio is the weighted average of the betas of the assets that comprise the portfolio: ? P = (0. 25)(1. 60) + (0. 10)(0. 50) + (0. 75)(1. 0) + (? 0. 20)(0. 80) + (0. 10)(0) = 1. 04 (2 points: 1 point for set up and 1 point for final answer) e. [2 points] What is the expected return of the portfolio in part (d)? Answer: From the CAPM, we can solve for E(RP) E(RP) = Rf + ? E(RM) – Rf) = 0. 06 + (1. 04)(0. 16 – 0. 06) = 0. 164 or 16. 4% (2 points: 1 point for set up and 1 point for final answer) 8 Question 4 [16 points]: Better Mousetraps has developed a new trap. It can go into production for an initial investment in equipment of $6 million. Ignore the CCA system and assume that the equipment will be depreciated straight-line over 5 years to a value of zero, but in fact it can be sold after 5 years for $500,000. The firm believes that working capital at each date must be maintained at a level of 10 percent of next year’s (i. e. he following year’s) forecast sales. The firm estimates production costs equal to $1. 50 per trap and believes that the traps can be sold for $4 each. Sales forecasts are given in the following table below. The project will come to an end in five years, when the trap becomes technologically obsolete. The firm’s tax bracket is 35 percent, and the required rate of return on the project is 12 percent. What is project NPV? Year Sales (millions of traps) 0 0 1 0. 5 2 0. 6 3 1. 0 4 1. 0 5 0. 6 Thereafter 0 Answer: YEAR: Sales (traps) Revenue ($4. 00 ? Sales) Expense ($1. 50 ?Sales) Working capital Change in Wk Cap CF from Operations: Revenue Expense Depreciation Pretax profit Tax After-tax profit CF from operations Cash Flow CF: capital investments CF from working capital CF from operations Total CF PV @ 12% Net present value 0 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 20 0. 20 1 0. 50 2. 00 0. 75 0. 24 0. 04 2 0. 60 2. 40 0. 90 0. 40 0. 16 3 1. 00 4. 00 1. 50 0. 40 0. 00 4 1. 00 4. 00 1. 50 0. 24 –0. 16 5 0. 60 2. 40 0. 90 0. 00 –0. 24 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 2. 0000 0. 7500 1. 2000 0. 0500 0. 0175 0. 0325 1. 2325 2. 400 0. 900 1. 200 0. 300 0. 05 0. 195 1. 3950 4. 000 1. 500 1. 200 1. 300 0. 455 0. 845 2. 0450 4. 000 1. 500 1. 200 1. 300 0. 455 0. 845 2. 0450 2. 400 0. 900 1. 200 0. 300 0. 105 0. 195 1. 3950 (5 points) –6. 00 –0. 20 0. 00 –6. 20 –6. 20 –0. 1817 0. 0000 –0. 0400 1. 2325 1. 1925 1. 0647 0. 0000 – 0. 1600 1. 3950 1. 2350 0. 9845 0. 0000 0. 0000 2. 0450 2. 0450 1. 4556 0. 0000 0. 1600 2. 0450 2. 2050 1. 4013 0. 3250 0. 2400 1. 3950 1. 9600 1. 1122 (2 points) (6 points) (3 points) 9 This page is left blank on purpose. Use it if you need it. 10 This page is left blank on purpose. Use it if you need it. 11

Domestic Violence Essay Essay

Domestic violence is defined as acts of physical and/or psychological violence committed by one partner or on to another. Though committed by both sexes, men commit the majority of domestic violence acts. While efforts have been made to prevent men from engaging in domestic violence, these efforts have yet to make a major effect on the rates of violence against women. This is because these efforts often involve reversing long-held cultural and societal beliefs. Given this situation, violence against women will likely continue despite best efforts to decrease women’s vulnerability to such acts unless male risk factors and protective factors are addressed. While general risk factors exist, such as age and familiarity with the person, the majority of perpetrators have adopted behaviors, either learned behaviors or societal beliefs that increase their likelihood of committing domestic violence. Previous acts of violence against women is often the biggest predictor of whether or not a man will commit an act of violence. For example, men who commit rape are likely to have done so multiple times. That’s why individuals with a history of physical violence are more likely to commit future acts. Men who hold traditional gender role beliefs, (men as breadwinners; women should stay at home) and adapt to masculine norms (men need to be self-reliant; have power over women) are more likely to commit violence against women. Men who commit acts of domestic violence are likely to have experienced acts of violence against themselves, so they redirect their abuse to another. A large portion of these men also experienced abuse as a child, so they grow up thinking this behavior is acceptable. On the other hand, there are protective factors that can reduce the chance of men committing domestic violence. There are not many ways of decreasing the chance of domestic violence, but there are some. Some of the most common would be: changing social norms that turn away from or support violence against women (either through community intervention or public education), and/or by creating more stability in low-income communities, since there is a connection between violence and social problems (poverty, substance abuse, etc. )

Anti-Vietnam Movement in the U essays

Anti-Vietnam Movement in the U essays The antiwar movement against Vietnam in the US from 1965-1971 was the most significant movement of its kind in the nation's history. The United States first became directly involved in Vietnam in 1950 when President Harry Truman started to underwrite the costs of France's war against the Viet Minh. Later, the presidencies of Dwight Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy increased the US's political, economic, and military commitments steadily throughout the fifties and early sixties in the Indochina region. Prominent senators had already begun criticizing American involvement in Vietnam during the summer of 1964, which led to the mass antiwar movement that was to appear in the summer of 1965. This antiwar movement had a great impact on policy and practically forced the US out of Vietnam. Starting with teach-ins during the spring of 1965, the massive antiwar efforts centered on the colleges, with the students playing leading roles. These teach-ins were mass public demonstrations, usually held in the spring and fall seasons. By 1968, protesters numbered almost seven million with more than half being white youths in the college. The teach-in movement was at first, a gentle approach to the antiwar activity. Although, it faded when the college students went home during the summer of 1965, other types of protest that grew through 1971 soon replaced it. All of these movements captured the attention of the White House, especially when 25,000 people marched on Washington Avenue. And at times these movements attracted the interest of all the big decision-makers and their advisors (Gettleman, 54). The teach-ins began at the University of Michigan on March 24, 1965, and spread to other campuses, including Wisconsin on April 1. These protests at some of America's finest universities captured public attention. The Demonstrations were one form of attempting to go ...

High Frequency Omnidirectional Range Essay Essays

High Frequency Omnidirectional Range Essay Essays High Frequency Omnidirectional Range Essay Essay High Frequency Omnidirectional Range Essay Essay The VHF Omnidirectional Range pilotage system. VOR. was likely the most important air power innovation other than the jet engine. With it. a pilot can merely. accurately. and without ambiguity navigate from Point A to Point B. The widespread debut of VORs began in the early 1950s and 50 old ages subsequently it remains the primary pilotage system in the overpowering bulk of aircraft. VHF omnidirectional wireless scope ( VOR ) . is a type of short-range wireless pilotage system for aircraft. enabling aircraft to find their place and remain on class by having wireless signals transmitted by a web of fixed land wireless beacons with a receiving system unit. It uses wireless frequences in the really high frequence ( VHF ) set from 108 to 117. 95 MHz. Developed in the US beginning in 1937 and deployed by 1946. VOR is the standard air navigational system in the universe. used by both commercial and general air power. There are about 3000 VOR Stationss around the uni verse. It is practically free from inactive and dark consequence therefore is a dependable navigational assistance by twenty-four hours and dark. VOR Ground Station ( aerial ) The prefix â€Å"omni-† means all and an omnidirectional scope is a VHF wireless conveying land station that undertakings directly line classs ( radials ) from the station in all waies. From a top position. it can be visualized as being similar to the radiuss from the hub of a wheel. The distance VOR radials are projected depends upon the power end product of the sender. The class or radials projected from the station are referenced to magnetic North. Therefore. a radial is defined as a line of magnetic bearing widening outward from the VOR station. Radials are identified by Numberss get downing with 001. which is 1 ° E of magnetic North. and advancement in sequence through all the grades of a circle until making 360. To assistance in orientation. a compass rose mention to magnetic North is superimposed on aeronautical charts at the station location. TWO CATEGORIES OF VOR 1. Normal VOR Beacon for en-route navigation- has radio frequence bearer end product of about 200 Watts to supply a service scope of up to 200 maritime stat mis. ( Category A ) 2. Terminal VOR- has a lower end product of about 50 Watts to supply the limited coverage ( 25 maritime stat mis ) required for attack and allow down to an airdrome. ( Category B ) BASIC PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION The basic rule of operation of the VOR is really simple: the VOR installation transmits two signals at the same clip. One signal is changeless in all waies. while the other is rotated about the station. The airborne equipment receives both signals. expressions ( electronically ) at the difference between the two signals. and interprets the consequence as a radial from the station. VOR Stationss broadcast a VHF wireless composite signal including the station’s identifier. voice ( if equipped ) . and navigation signal. The identifier is typically a two- or three-letter twine in Morse codification. The voice signal. if used. is normally the station name. in-flight recorded advisories. or unrecorded flight service broadcasts. The pilotage signal allows the airborne receiving equipment to find a magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft ( way from the VOR station in relation to the Earth’s magnetic North at the clip of installing ) . VOR Stationss in countries of mag netic compass undependability are oriented with regard to True North. A VOR land station sends out a maestro signal. and a extremely directional 2nd signal that varies in stage 30 times a 2nd compared to the maestro. This signal is timed so that the stage varies as the secondary aerial spins. such that when the aerial is 90 grades from north. the signal is 90 grades out of stage of the maestro. By comparing the stage of the secondary signal to the maestro. the angle ( bearing ) to the station can be determined. This bearing is so displayed in the cockpit of the aircraft. and can be used to take a hole as in earlier wireless way determination ( RDF ) systems. although it is. in theory. easier to utilize and more accurate. This line of place is called the â€Å"radial† from the VOR. The intersection of two radials from different VOR Stationss on a chart provides the place of the aircraft. VOR Stationss are reasonably short scope. the signals have a scope of about 200 stat mis. VOR EQUIPMENT Course divergence index-A class divergence index ( CDI ) is an avionics instrument used in aircraft pilotage to find an aircraft’s sidelong place in relation to a path. If the location of the aircraft is to the left of class. the needle deflects to the right. and frailty versa. VOR Antennas -One or two metre-long aerials lodging up and back out of the roof of the cockpit. These are the aerial for your VHF communicating wirelesss. the 1s used to speak to traffic and to command towers. VOR Receiver – The VOR receiving system converts signals from the aerial to the readings displayed on the pilotage index. VOR Ground Equipment – Consist of a VOR land station which is a little low edifice topped with a white phonograph record upon which are located the VOR aerial and fiberglass conic tower. CONE OF CONFUSION Land senders radiate signals in lift 60 ° to 80 ° above skyline. A spread over caput in the signifier of an upside-down cone is left with no or weak radiation. Flying through this part causes confusion in indicants in the airborne equipment. Passing through this zone the indicants flick quickly. To find exactly the overhead place is hard but positive and stable indicant thenceforth confirm transition of the station. STATION IDENTIFICATION A Morse codification amplitude modulated signal comprising usually three letters is transmitted every 10 seconds for positive designation of the VOR by air crew. Some VORs carry voice transmittal besides for automatic terminal information service ( ATIS ) and designation. Limited voice communicating one manner installation by land control may besides be available in event of communicating failure on normal VHF. The voice signal. if used. is normally the station name. in-flight recorded advisories. or unrecorded flight service broadcasts. The pilotage signal allows the airborne receiving equipment to find a magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft ( way from the VOR station in relation to the Earth’s magnetic North at the clip of installing ) . VOR Stationss in countries of magnetic compass undependability are oriented with regard to True North. During care a trial signal or no designation may be received. Pilots utilizing VOR must ever positively place the station before usage and continue to supervise the same. Monitoring. A proctor unit near the sender on land is located within country of radiation of the VOR sender. The proctor continuously compares the standard signal with specified parametric quantities. In event of any of the followers. the proctor switches off the VOR sender or withholds the designation and navigation signal transmittal. ( a ) Received bearing is in mistake by more than 1 ° ( B ) Either of the signals – maestro or secondary signal autumn below 15 % in strength ( degree Celsius ) Monitor itself fails. A standby sender is provided to coup detat in instance of malfunction. but it takes some clip to stabilise its transmittal. Therefore. it is emphasized that pilots must listen for designation of the codification for interest of safety. Service VOLUMES A VOR station serves a volume of air space called its Service Volume. Some VORs have a comparatively little geographic country protected from intervention by other Stationss on the same frequency- called â€Å"terminal† or T-VORs. Other Stationss may hold protection out to 130 maritime stat mis ( NM ) or more. Although it is popularly thought that there is a standard difference in power end product between T-VORs and other Stationss. in fact the stations’ power end product is set to supply equal signal strength in the specific site’s service volume. In the United States. there are three standard service volumes ( SSV ) : Terminal. Low. and High ( Standard Service Volumes do non use to print Instrument Flight Rules ( IFR ) routes ) . US Standard Service Volumes ( excerpted from FAA AIM ) | * 1 maritime stat mi = 1. 85200 kilometres VOR INDICATOR A: Rotating Course Card is calibrated from 0 to 360 grades. which indicates the VOR bearing chosen as the mention to wing by pilot. Bacillus: Omni Bearing Selector or OBS boss. used to manually revolve the class card to where the point to wing to. C: TO-FROM index. The trigon pointer will indicate UP when winging to the VOR station. The pointer will indicate DOWN when winging off from the VOR station. A ruddy flag replaces theseTO-FROM pointers when the VOR is beyond response scope or the station is out. Calciferol: Course Deviation Indicator ( CDI ) . This needle moves left or right bespeaking the way to turn the aircraft to return to class. Point: The horizontal points at centre are represent the aircraft off from the class. Each point represent 2 grades deviate from coveted class. Aircraft VOR Component 1. VOR RECEIVER: In many modern aircraft one control unit is used for both the VOR receiving system and the VHF communications transceiver. When located together. the wireless is called a NAVCOM ( See Navcom Control Panels figure ) . The VOR signals are received on the aerial. usually located on the perpendicular stabilizer or on top of the fuselage. This aerial resembles a â€Å"V† prevarication in a horizontal plane. The VOR receiving system converts signals from the aerial to the readings displayed on the pilotage index. 2. NAVIGATION Index: The VOR pilotage index gives the pilot aircraft place information by agencies of three constituents. The path picker. sometimes called the omnibearing picker or OBS. is used to revolve the AZ ring. which displays the selected VOR path. ( See Navigation Indicator figure ) . This ring may besides demo the reciprocal of the selected path. The TO-FROM/OFF flag indicates whether the path will take the pilot to or from the station. If the aircraft is out of stationrange and can non have a dependable. useable signal the TO-FROM/OFF index shows OFF. Besides. the OFF flag is displayed when the aircraft is straight over the station. when abeam of the station in the country of ambiguity ( i. e. . straight on either side of the station ) or when beyond the response scope of the station selected. When the aircraft header agrees by and large with the path picker. the path divergence saloon ( TB ) shows the pilot the place relation to the path selected and indicates whether the radial is to the right or left The TB acerate leaf has a cubic decimeter 0 ° spread from centre to either side when having a VOR signal. The Track Bar ) . shows that an aircraft 5 ° off path would hold the TB one-half of the manner from centre to the outside border. If the aircraft is 10 ° off path the needle swings wholly to one side. Each point on the pilotage index represents 2 ° when the pilot is winging VOR. 3. TRACK ARROW: Each clip a path is chosen on the picker. the country around the VOR station is divided into halves or envelopes ( see Left Right Envelopes figure ) . It is helpful to believe of the spliting line as a path pointer. which runs through the station and points in the way of the selected path. The Terbium shows the pilot in which of these two envelopes the aircraft is located. If the aircraft is winging along the path line. the TB acerate leaf is centered. If the aircraft flies to the left of the path pointer ( as in place A ) . the TB needle swings to the right. If the aircraft moves to the right of the path pointer. ( place B ) . the TB needle swings to the left. Whenever the pilot changes the path picker. he or she should visualise an fanciful path pointer over the station. In this manner. the pilot can look at the TB and Tell in which envelope the aircraft is located. 4. REFERENCE LINE: When the pilot selects a path. the place of another line is established. a mention line perpendicular to the path pointer and crossing it at the station. The mention line divides the VOR response country into two extra sectors. The country forward of the mention line is the FROM envelope and the country to the rear of the mention line is the TO envelope. The TO-FROM index shows in which envelope the aircraft is located. In the To-From Envelopes figure. both aircraft display a FROM reading. 5. VOR Indications figure. shows the readings that an aircraft would have in eight different locations around the VOR station. In place A. the aircraft shows a centered TB. bespeaking that it is on path ; the TO-FROM flag shows FROM. Position B shows a left TB and a FROM indicant. Aircraft at places C and G are in the country of ambiguity. In this country. the opposing mention signals that actuate the TO-FROM index natural each other and bring forth an OFF Indication. The country of ambiguity widens with increasing distance from the station. The greater the distance. the longer the TO-FROM flag will bespeak OFF as the aircraft moves between the TO and FROM envelopes. DETERMINATION OF POSITION 1. Heading: Aircraft header has perfectly no consequence on the readings of the VOR index. No affair which way the aircraft is heading. the pilot receives the same indicant every bit long as the aircraft remains in the same path envelope ( see VOR Orientation ) . 2. POSITION Fix: To find a hole ( without DME ) . the pilot must utilize two VOR Stationss because the VOR gives merely way and non distance from the station. First. the pilot should tune the figure one VOR to one of the coveted Stationss and do positive designation. Unless the pilot makes positive designation. that station should non be used. If a VOR station is shut down for care or the signal is undependable because of a malfunction. the navaid designation is non transmitted. After placing the station. the pilot should focus on the TB acerate leaf with the positive FROM indicant on the TO-FROM/OFF flag. The pilot repeats this process with the other VOR station. Then. utilizing the chart. the pilot draws a line outbound from the VORs along the radials indicated by the path picker. The intersection of these bearings is the aircraft’s place ( see VOR Position Fix figure ) . Flight TO A VOR STATION 1. BRACKETING: Because there is by and large a crosswind. the pilot seldom can stop a radial. take up the header of that path. and wing straight to the station. To remain on path. the pilot must do a series of little corrections. The procedure of stoping a radial and doing the corrections necessary to stay on path is called bracketing. The method described here minimizes the figure of bends needed to find the necessary air current rectification. and requires the least attending by the pilot. Figure Bracketing a VOR Radial. below. shows the series of manoeuvres that a pilot uses in bracketing a radial to a VOR station. The pilot of the aircraft in place cubic decimeter determines that the radial of the coveted VOR station is to the right and the pilot must turn right to stop it. In place 2. the pilot turns to an intercept angle of 30 ° . Since the radial is 090 ° to the station. the intercept header is 120 ° as shown on the header index. In place 3. the aircraft intercepts the r adial. The pilot instantly turns the aircraft to a 090 ° header to co-occur with the inward way of the radial. While utilizing the heading index to carefully bold the header. the pilot in place 4 starts to float off path. The pilot so takes up a new intercept header of 070 ° a 20 ° intercept angle. The pilot flies this new intercept header of 070 ° until re-intercepting the radial. at which clip ( place 7 ) he or she divides this intercept angle by two and so turns to the new header which is 080 ° . The new header of 080 ° Lashkar-e-Taibas the aircraft impetus a small North of path. This informs the pilot that the coveted path header must be someplace between 090 ° . which allows the aircraft to float South of the radial. and 080 ° . which takes the aircraft North of the radial. At no clip from this point to the station will the pilot bend to a header less than 080 ° or heading more than 090 ° . As shown in place 9. the aircraft takes up the header of 090 ° . which allows the aircraft to float back onto the radial. As the aircraft intercepts the radial at place 10. the pilot turns to a header between 090 ° and 080 ° . so proceeds to the station. tracking the radial with an airc raft heading 085 ° . If the pilot takes up a specific intercept angle and so divides the angle by two. as necessary. the aircraft brackets the radial with the least figure of bends and holds e path with the greatest truth. TRACK TO THE STATION: The pilot should look into the heading index against the magnetic compass when get downing to track. ( The VOR index tells the pilot merely the place of the aircraft relation to a certain radial and the pilot must trust upon the header index for aircraft heading formation ) . The most common usage of VOR pilotage to wing on a radial from station to station. The pilot selects a radial class on the OBS and paths that radial by maintaining the TB acerate leaf centered. which occurs every bit long as the BS is in general understanding with the heading index. For illustration. if the dial is to the right. the index will indicate the right. and the pilot must turn in this way to stop the radial. As the aircraft passes the VOR station. the VOR receives two basic indicants provided that the aircraft crosses straight over the station. The most positive indicant is that TO-FROM index alterations to the opposite reading. ( TO to FROM ) . The 2nd. less certain indicant is the fluctuation of the TB. If the aircraft passes straight over the station. the needle fluctuates from side to side and returns to its original place. If the aircraft is left of path. the acerate leaf does non fluctuate. bur continues to indicate to the right. Likewise. if the aircraft is right of path. the acerate leaf will indicate to the left and non fluctuate as the aircraft passes abeam the station. TIME CHECK: Another usage for VOR is to take a clip cheque. which informs the pilot of the clip staying to wing to a station. For illustration. while inbound to the station on the 022 ° radial ( See VOR Time Check figure ) . the pilot wants to gauge the clip to the station. The pilot chosens to utilize the 030 ° radial to get down the clip cheque. and turns the aircraft to a header of 120 ° . which is at right angles to the 030 ° radial. The OBS is turned to 030 ° and as the needle centres. the pilot notes the clip. Immediately subsequently. the pilot rotates the OBS to 040 ° . which is the following radial to be used in the clip cheque. The pilot so continues to bold the 120 ° aircraft header and flies to the 040 ° radial. As the pilot crosses this radial and the needle centres. he or she notes the clip and finds that it has taken two proceedingss ( 120 seconds ) to do the 10 ° radial alteration. The expression for finding the clip staying to the station is: ( TIME IN SECONDS BETWEEN RADIAL CHANGE ) / ( DEGREES OF RADIAL CHANGE ) peers TIME TO STATION IN MINUTES. Therefore. by spliting 120 seconds by 10. the pilot finds that there are 12 proceedingss staying to wing to the station. Although this job can be worked out utilizing any grade of radial alteration. l0 grades of radial alteration is the simplest and fastest to calculate. RANGE AND ACCURACYScope * The VHF signals associated with VORs are propagated through line-of-sight. Line of sight scope of the sender located at sea degree and aircraft at 5000 pess would be about 88nm and at 10000 pess about 125 nanometers. Accuracy * Published VOR radials are accurate within 3 ° . TYPES OF VORDVOR ( Doppler Very High Frequency OmniDirectional Range ) A ground-based navigational assistance operating at really high frequence and utilizing a wide-aperture radiation system to cut down azimuth mistakes caused by contemplation from terrain and other obstructions ; makes usage of the Doppler rule to work out the job of ambiguity that arises from the usage of a radiation system with apertures that exceed one-half wavelength ; the system is so designed that its signals may be received on the equipment used for the narrow-aperture VOR ( very-high-frequency omnidirectional wireless scope ) . Test VOR ( VOT ) -Transmitter installed for proving the airborne equipment during the pre-flight cheques.– This is non to be used for any navigational information.Terminal VOR ( TVOR )* A low-powered VOR ( really high frequence omnidirectional wireless scope ) located at or near an airdrome for reaching and going pilotage. Weather Broadcast VOR ( BVOR )* Transmits voice conditions information of selected aerodomes in between the designation signals. VOR Tactical Air Navigation ( VORTAC )– A land wireless station dwelling of a collocated very-high-frequency omnidirectional wireless scope ( VOR ) and Tacan installation – can be used by civil aircraft as VOR/DME combination.– Transmitted signals of VOR and TACAN are each identified by three-letter codification transmittal and are interlocked so that pilots utilizing VOR AZ with TACAN distance can be assured that both signals being received are decidedly from the same land station. DBVORTAC ( Broadcasting Doppler VORTAC ) * A conditions airing co-located at TACAN.ERRORS AND LIMITATIONSBeacon Alignment/Ground Station Mistakes* Signal truth can be affected by mistake in the coevals of the signal and alliance of 360 radial with local magnetic North. Regular standardization of land equipment and alliance of signals are carried out with alterations of local fluctuations. Site Mistakes * VORs are sensitive to the intervention of terrain. Even adult grass may impact the directional extension of VOR signals. Propagation Mistake * Signals geting at aircraft can be distorted by specious signals that have been reflected by terrain or obstructors during the extension. * Assorted signals received in airborne equipment causes mistake in show. Airborne Equipment Mistake * Manufacturing inaccuracies and imperfectnesss in the airborne equipment produce little differences between the detected bearing and its show on the instrument. The equipment should be on a regular basis cheque and mistake contained within  ±2? . Navigation Mistake * While ciphering the entire truth of VOR signal the trouble in keeping a radial by pilot.